The simulation of terrestrial stellar radiation information suffers from distortions due to limited precision of stellar spectrum and magnitude simulations. Hence, the effective verification and evaluation of experimental conditions for new techniques such as astronomical spectral velocity measurement and navigation are hindered. This study proposes a multi-color temperature and multi-magnitude simulation approach for astronomical spectral velocity measurement and navigation. First, we analyzed the composition and operational principles of the multi-color temperature and multi-magnitude simulation system. Furthermore, we established a mathematical modulation model for multi-color temperature and multi-magnitude simulation. Second, we designed a fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller with dual input and three outputs, as well as a multi-magnitude feedback control simulation algorithm based on the principles of spectral modulation and illuminance conversion. Finally, we constructed an experimental platform to validate the accuracy of spectral simulation and proposed a method to extend the simulation range for multi-magnitude simulation measurements based on existing experimental conditions. Moreover, we simulated 0–8 stars in the color temperature spectrum ranging from 3000 K to 11000 K. Experimental results demonstrated that the maximum spectral simulation error for color temperature between 3000 K and 11000 K color temperature was within ±4.996%, while the maximum simulation error for magnitude 0–8 stars was within ±0.1 Mv. The proposed method enables simultaneous simulation of multi-color temperature and multi-magnitude, enhancing the accuracy of spectral and magnitude simulations. Additionally, it resolved the issue of a limited magnitude simulation range caused by detection limits, providing effective verification and evaluation of experimental conditions for the functionality and performance of the new autonomous navigation method for astronomical spectral velocity measurement.