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Deep Forest in ADHD Data Classification

Authors: Lizhen Shao; Donghui Zhang; Haipeng Du; Dongmei Fu;

Deep Forest in ADHD Data Classification

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a kind of mental disease which often appears among young children. Various machine learning techniques including deep neural networks have been used to classify ADHD. As an alternative of deep neural networks, the deep forest or gcForest recently proposed by Zhou and Feng has demonstrated excellent performance on many imaging tasks. Therefore, in this paper, we are going to investigate using fMRI data and gcForest to discriminate ADHD subjects against normal controls. Two types of features are extracted from the fMRI data, they are 1-D functional connectivity (FC) feature and 3-D amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) feature. We propose a revised gcForest method which uses a combined multi-grained scanning structure to fuse the two features together, thus a new concatenated feature vector can be formed for each sample. Moreover, considering the imbalanced property of ADHD data, we utilize synthetic minority over-sampling technique combined with edited-nearest neighbor to form synthetic minority concatenated feature vector samples for data balancing. Finally cascade forest is used to take the concatenated feature vector samples as input for classification. We test our method on the ADHD-200 public data sets and evaluate its performance on the hold-out testing data. We compare our method with several methods in the literature. The experiment illustrates that our method performs better than the reported methods.

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Keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, classification, fMRI, deep forest, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971

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    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
39
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
gold