The value of and reasons for integrating operations systems (OSs) with each other and with network elements are discussed. The reasons for integrating current OSs are: to provide added value resulting from the synergy of capabilities implemented in each individual OS; to increase the flexibility of the overall system and the diversity of methods and organizational structures it can support; to ease the task of implementing, maintaining, and operations OSs themselves; and to foster competition and support a multivendor environment. Developments in the integration of OS in the Bell operating companies are examined. >