Electron transport in chloroplasts isolated from desiccated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Russian Mammoth) leaves was compared with electron transport in sunflower chloroplasts in sorbitol-containing media having various osmotic potentials. In media having low osmotic potentials and dichloroindophenol as electron acceptor, the activity for electron transport was inhibited, but the inhibition was much less than that due to comparable desiccation in vivo. The inhibition at low osmotic potentials was rapidly reversed by returning the chloroplasts to media having high osmotic potentials, but the activity of chloroplasts from desiccated tissue showed no reversal when the chloroplasts were placed in media having high osmotic potentials. Nevertheless, the inhibition of chloroplast activity due to desiccation in vivo was basically reversible, because chloroplasts recovered quickly when they were rehydrated in vivo. The large differences between desiccation in vivo and exposure to low osmotic potential in vivo indicate that osmotic solutions did not reproduce the effects of tissue desiccation. It is concluded that decreases in the Gibbs free energy of water due to decreased osmotic potentials probably have only a small effect on electron transport in chloroplasts from desiccated tissue and do not account for the major effects of leaf desiccation on electron transport.