Here, we review the pathways of allorecognition and their potential relevance to the balance between regulatory and effector responses following transplantation.Transplantation between nonidentical members of the same species elicits an immune response that manifests as graft rejection or persistence. Presentation of foreign antigen to recipient T cells can occur via three nonmutually exclusive routes, the direct, indirect and semi-direct pathways. Allospecific T cells can have effector or regulatory functions, and the relative proportions of the two populations activated following alloantigen presentation are two of the factors that determine the clinical outcome. Regulatory T cells have been the subject of significant research, and there is now greater understanding of their recruitment and function in the context of allorecognition.A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying allorecognition may be fundamental to appreciating how these different populations are recruited and could in turn inform novel strategies for immunomodulation.