Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that was first isolated in 1982. In the years following its discovery, H. pylori infection in humans has been shown to be associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric carcinoma, as well as other, nongastrointestinal disorders. The epidemiology, transmission, and virulence factors of this bacteria have been an area of intense study. Successful treatment improves cure rates of gastritis and ulceration of the stomach and duodenum. Treatment with antimicrobials also decreases the recurrence rates of these diseases. Clinicians have numerous diagnostic tools and treatment options at their disposal. Vaccination in high-endemic areas may be available in the near future. Here, we review the pharmalogical basis of these treatment options, including their efficacy and economic considerations.