Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia seen in the outpatient setting (Bilezikian, 1992). Skeletal involvement is evident in most patients, even in the vast majority who show no symptoms. Bone histomorphometric studies reveal that the greatest bone diminution occurs in the radial shaft, the femoral neck is intermediate, and the spine is less affected (Parisien et al., 1990). An understanding of this condition is vital for the professional nurse so that effective nursing care can be provided to those who are at risk of developing rapid bone loss and other complications of primary hyperparathyroidism. This article reviews the medical diagnosis and nursing management of primary hyperparathyroidism.