Abstract Cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators are used to stimulate cardiac muscle directly. The pacemaker corrects for abnormalities in the heart rate (this can be fast or slow). Defibrillators are used to restore a fibrillating heart or tachycardia, to sinus rhythm. These are nromally external, battery, or mains powered, but can be internal devices, which are called implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs).

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