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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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How stellar winds reach supersonic speed

Authors: Paul Song; Jiannan Tu; Stanley W H Cowley; Chi Wang; Hui Li;

How stellar winds reach supersonic speed

Abstract

Abstract In classical theory of stellar wind formation, supersonic stellar wind starts with an initial speed of the eigenspeed at the inner boundary of the corona, goes along a continuous eigenfunction, reaches the sonic point while requiring a critical condition to be satisfied, and becomes supersonic across the critical point. If the initial speed is smaller than the eigenspeed, the wind is subsonic, and if the initial speed is greater than the eigenspeed, stellar wind cannot form. Since the initial flow speed is determined by ionization processes at the top boundary of the chromosphere and chromospheric and coronal heating processes, the initial speed of the wind can often be greater than the eigenspeed, posing a dilemma to the classical stellar wind theory which predicts no stellar wind under such conditions. We examine the classical stellar wind evolution equation and find that when the initial speed is greater than the eigenspeed, it cannot hold at the sonic point. In 1D steady state gasdynamics, the evolution equation can be rewritten with two expressions, one at the sonic point and one for everywhere else. The Rankine–Hugoniot relations are used to connect the solutions across the sonic point. A discontinuity standing in the flow that travels at the local sonic speed can facilitate the sonic transition. Supersonic winds can form when the inner boundary speed is greater than the eigenspeed. The critical solution separates the parameter regimes of supersonic from subsonic winds, and most supersonic stellar winds do not go through the critical point or critical points.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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