With approximately 80% of non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality occurring in low- and middle-income countries, and a prevalence expected to continue trending upwards, this chapter lays out the essential information on the burden of NCDs and their importance in humanitarian settings. It outlines the general principles of NCDs, including their widespread prevalence and contribution to preventable morbidity and premature mortality. It provides specific guidance for the clinical recognition and care of the main NCDs (cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, thyroid disease, haemoglobinopathies, and renal disease), including management guidance which recognize the realities and often limited resources in the field.