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</script>This chapter describes the main features of the design of interventional and observational studies and the differences and similarities between research and audit. It discusses when a sample size calculation is needed, describes the main principles of the calculations, and outlines the steps involved in preparing a study protocol. Most sections are illustrated with examples and particular attention is given to the statistical issues that arise in designing and appraising research.
| citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 13 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Top 10% | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Average |
