Abstract Intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a cell surface glycoprotein with a vital role in the immune response to pathogens. The expression pattern of ICAM-1 is wide ranging, encompassing endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and neutrophils. Recent work has characterized the role of ICAM-1 in murine neutrophils, but the function of human neutrophil ICAM-1 is incompletely understood. Herein, we investigated the expression and role of ICAMs in human neutrophils in vitro and in vivo. Our findings show clear expression of ICAM-1, -3, and -4 on peripheral blood–derived neutrophils and demonstrate that the pathogen-associated molecular pattern lipoteichoic acid is an inducer of ICAM-1 expression in vitro. In vivo, neutrophils obtained from the pleural cavity of patients with a parapneumonic effusion display enhanced expression of ICAM-1 compared with peripheral blood– and oral cavity–derived neutrophils. Moreover, migration of peripheral blood–derived neutrophils across endothelial cells can upregulate neutrophil ICAM-1 expression. These findings indicate that pathogen-associated molecular patterns and/or cytokines, alongside transmigration, enhance neutrophil ICAM-1 expression at sites of inflammation. Mechanistically, we observed that ICAM-1high neutrophils display elevated S. aureus phagocytic capacity. However, unlike murine neutrophils, ICAM-1 intracellular signaling in human neutrophils was not essential for phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and reactive oxygen species generation. Taken together, these results have important implications for the regulation of neutrophil-mediated pathogen clearance.