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We have modeled irradiated planets located near a dM5 and a G2 primary star. The impinging radiation field was explicitly included in the solution of the radiative transfer equation and in the computation of the atmospheric structure. We find that large errors in both the thermal and reflected flux will result from models which do not include the impinging radiation in a self-consistent manner. A cool (teff = 500K) and a hot (teff = 1000K) planet were modeled at various orbital separations from both the dM5 and the G2 primary. In all scenarios, we compared the effects of the irradiation in two extreme cases: one where dust clouds form and remain suspended in the atmosphere, and another where dust clouds form but completely settle out of the atmosphere. The atmospheric structure and emergent spectrum strongly depend on the presence or absence of dust clouds. We find that, in the absence of dust opacity, the impinging radiation significantly alters the innermost layers of an EGP atmosphere and that they are actually brighter in the optical than dusty planets. Our models also indicate that the planet-to-star brightness ratio in the optical will be less that 1 x 10^-5 for objects like tau bootis which is consistent with recently reported upper limit values.
19 pages, 15 figures
Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics
Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics
citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 144 | |
popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% | |
influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Top 1% | |
impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% |