Management of the patient with a peripheral nerve injury should be based on a sound knowledge of the underlying anatomy, nerve injury classification, pathophysiology and medical management. This review of the literature addresses those topics with a depth and breadth appropriate for the physiotherapist. Specifically, this article will cover current tends in surgical management and nerve growth enhancement. A review of research relevant to rehabilitation concepts that illustrates the role of physiotherapist in the management of nerve injuries and repairs will also be discussed. This role includes post-injury rehabilitation, post-operative rehabilitation and evaluation of recovery. Additionally, the paucity of physiotherapy-generated research devoted to outcomes of these injuries demonstrates the need for continued work in this area.