Surgical therapy with laparoscopic ovarian 'drilling' (LOD) may avoid or reduce the need for gonadotrophins or may facilitate their use. However, the procedure, though effective, can be traumatic on the ovaries, which may cause postoperative adhesions and/or diminished ovarian reserve (DOR).To review the available literature, whether the LOD is harmful on the ovarian reserve markers.A literature search was conducted using the keywords LOD, laparoscopic ovarian diathermy, PCOS, ovarian reserve, premature ovarian failure (POF). The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched.All trials, case reports and letters to the editor in the PubMed database were included.Along with the long-term clinical follow-up research articles, four that were specifically identifying the ovarian reserve tests were included in this review. Among these, three of them compared before and after LOD values, and one of them compared ovarian reserve markers among different groups of subjects; those with LOD, those with PCOS without LOD and those with normal ovulatory controls.There were statistically significant differences between Day 3 FSH, inhibin B levels, ovarian volume and antral follicle count before and after LOD in some of the reports. Although the after LOD values were found to be lower than the before LOD values by means of ovarian reserve markers, the after values stayed higher than normal when compared with normal women without PCOS.Although the available data in the literature is limited, there was no concrete evidence of a DOR or POF associated with LOD in women with PCOS. Most of the changes in the ovarian reserve markers observed after LOD could be interpreted as normalisation of ovarian function rather than a reduction of ovarian reserve. LOD, if applied properly, normalises the exaggerated ovarian morphologic and endocrinologic properties.