New tests and test methods aid in the diagnosis of pancreatic disorders. Pancreatic carcinoma, especially, may have an improved prognosis with earlier detection as a result of refinements in arteriography, cytology, pancreatic radioisotopic scanning, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Acute pancreatitis results most commonly from alcoholism, biliary tract disease, and trauma. Management is directed primarily at decreasing pancreatic exocrine secretion. Surgery is usually best avoided in the acute phase. Chronic pancreatitis is most often a result of recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. Diabetes and malassimilation become manifest as pancreatic destruction progresses. Management consists of replacement of pancreatic enzymes and diet supplements. Once chronic pancreatitis is established, surgery can only be directed at complications of the disease. Pancreatic ascites is usually associated with a break in the pancreatic ductal system. Ascites caused by trauma responds well to surgical intervention, but the alcoholic type is less amenable to treatment.