In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI ; This chapter presents an overview of the groundwater resources of the upper Indus basin’s three major transboundary river basins, with particular attention to the Kabul river basin, where information is more readily available. It examines the state of knowledge and information, challenges, and gaps in and barriers to sustainable groundwater resource management. Afghanistan and Pakistan are highly water-scarce countries that have traditionally not given adequate priority to managing their groundwater resources. This has resulted in a situation of inadequate scientific knowledge, technical capacity, policies and regulatory frameworks in relation to groundwater. Recommendations to address these gaps are provided.