Suppression ofHIV infection by antiretroviral therapy (ART) resolves much of the immune dysfunction caused by HIV replication. However, reconstitution of the immune system during ART may, paradoxically, cause immunological disease that presents clinically as an immune reconstitution disorder. These disorders include autoimmune disease, mainly Graves’ disease, and immune-mediated inflammatory disease, such as sarcoidosis. However, by far the most common type of immune reconstitution disorder results from restoring immune responses against opportunistic pathogens.