Zanthoxylum armatum has edible and medicinal value but its prickles make harvesting difficult. The bHLH gene family is vital in regulating physiological and developmental processes. One hundred and ninety-five ZabHLH genes from its genome were grouped into 11 subgroups and 23 subfamilies. Members of the bHLH IIIf subfamily play an important role in trichome development, and ZabHLH22, ZabHLH110, ZabHLH161, and ZabHLH194, which belong to this subfamily, were selected as candidate genes. Chromosomal localization analysis showed that 165 of 195 ZabHLHs were unevenly distributed on 31 chromosomes, and 30 ZabHLHs were localized to unanchored scaffolds. The expansion of ZabHLHs mainly includes dispersed replication and whole-genome duplication or segmental replication. Fourty-seven cis-acting elements were predicted in the promoters of ZabHLHs, with hormone-responsive elements being the most abundant. Expression profiles of four candidate genes were analyzed in two Z. armatum cultivars. Trichome development is regulated by hormones such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and auxin. The qRT-PCR results indicate that four candidate genes respond to the stress induced by these three hormones. We predict that ZabHLH110, ZabHLH161, and ZabHLH194 are most likely involved in prickle development. The results are helpful to further explore the potential roles and mechanisms of ZabHLHs in the development of Z. armatum prickles.