Plant growth is affected by various stresses leading to changes in metabolism. Stress conditions include a variety of biotic and abiotic factors such as pathogens, drought, high and low temperatures and heavy metals. Among multiple physiological responses to stress, there is an adaptive modification in membrane lipid constituents. In particular, the composition of membrane very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) changes both qualitatively and quantitatively. Here, we evaluate the current data on the effects of stress on plant VLCFAs composition. In summary, some stress conditions lead to an increase of the total amount of saturated and, in certain cases, unsaturated VLCFAs. Currently, it is not completely clear how these molecules participate in the biology of plant cell membranes. Their possible functional roles are discussed.