In this paper I summarize some key astrophysics questions and the future space missions needed to address them. These missions, and the questions that drive them, fall under the aegis of two of the four thematic areas of NASA’s Office of Space Science: “The Astronomical Search for Origins and Planetary Systems” covers astrophysics in the near-infrared, optical, and ultraviolet wavelengths (100 μm–912 A); and “Structure and Evolution of the Universe,” covers astrophysics in the remaining gamma-ray, x-ray, far-infrared/submillimeter, and radio wavelengths. This paper focuses on future space missions in the long wavelength (λ>100 μm) regime of the Structure and Evolution of the Universe area.