The keynote sets the stage for all that is to come. In the next five days we will learn where we are now and where we are going. The scanning probes provide us with data that is quite new and informative. Of course, we must still rely on all of the tools from other disciplines for a complete investigation of a given problem, but nonetheless, there is an established regime where the probes are supreme. The 7×7 reconstruction of the silicon (111) surface is a primary example where the tunneling current provides new information that is not obtainable with other means.1 Our knowledge of this surface has reached the point where we can make detailed measurements of the electronic structure2 and chemical reactivity3 of each atomic site on this reconstructed surface. The theorists have been challenged by the data and they are stretching their calculations to new limits. The study of steps on this surface serves as an example where the new methodology is useful over a larger scale. It is hard to imagine how the st...