
doi: 10.1063/1.2098192
Expressions for the RF quasi‐linear operator are biquadratic sums over the Fourier modes (or FLR equivalent) that describe the RF electric field with a kernel that is a function of the two wave vectors, kL and kR, in the sum. As a result of either an implicit or explicit average over field lines or flux surfaces, this kernel only depends on one parallel wave vector, conventionally kR▭ When k▭ is an independent component of the representation for E, the sums are demonstrably positive. However, except for closed field line systems, k▭ is dependent on the local direction of the equilibrium magnetic field, and, empirically, the absorbed energy and quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients are observed to have negative features. We have formally introduced an independent k▭ sum by Fourier transforming the RF electric field, (assuming straight field lines) using a field‐line‐length coordinate. The resulting expression is positive. We have modeled this approach by calculating the quasi linear operator for “modes” wi...
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