
doi: 10.1063/1.1142928
A negative metal ion source using plasma sputtering was developed at KEK in 1988 and since then various types of plasma sputter negative metal ion source have been constructed so far at various institutes. In this paper, after theoretical understanding of the negative metal ion formation process on metal surface by plasma sputtering is briefly reviewed, then characteristics and performance of various types of plasma sputter negative ion source which have been developed so far are presented.
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