The core mechanism that drives economic growth in modern market economies is the massive ongoing restructuring and factor reallocation by which new technologies replace the old. This process of Schumpeterian ‘creative destruction’ permeates major aspects of macroeconomic performance — not only long-run growth, but also economic fluctuations and the functioning of factor markets. At the microeconomic level, restructuring demands innumerable decisions to create or destroy production units. The efficiency of those decisions hinges on the existence of sound institutions that provide a proper transactional framework. Failure along this dimension can have dire macroeconomic consequences. By limiting the economy’s ability to tap new technological opportunities and adapt to a changing environment, institutional failure can result in dysfunctional factor markets, economic stagnation, and exposure to deep crises.