The resurgence of Asia dates from Japan’s defeat of Russian land and sea forces in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. The West had been defeated earlier by Mongols and Turks but never simultaneously on land and sea. The Japanese victory over the Russians was a clarion call to the people of Asia — especially to the Turks, the Persians, and the Indians — to rise up and shake off the fetters of European and (in the Philippines and other islands in the Pacific) American imperialism.