Compartment syndrome can be defined as increased tissue pressure within a closed myofascial space, resulting in disturbed microcirculation and the potential for irreversible neuromuscular ischemic damage. It may present either acutely or chronically. Acute compartment syndrome most commonly occurs following lower limb trauma, and emergency decompression through open and extensive fasciotomies is the treatment of choice. There is little place for imaging in the acute setting because the diagnosis should be made on clinical grounds, possibly supported by measurements of compartmental pressure. Chronic compartment syndrome is more common, usually presenting with recurrent episodes of pain on exercise. The demonstration of elevated compartment pressures following exercise is currently the gold standard method for diagnosis. There is increasing interest in the use of imaging as either a potential alternative to compartmental pressure measurement or as an initial screening investigation prior to invasive testing. The literature evaluating the use of imaging techniques is reviewed, with an emphasis on the potential role of postexertional magnetic resonance imaging.