The aim of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the concepts of artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science attempting to build machines capable of intelligent behaviour, as well as its subdisciplines, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). By highlighting the differences between ML and DL and tracing the steps that led to their developments, this chapter explores the ability of a machine to learn instead of being explicitly programmed. This chapter focuses on Al and its related disciplines. Some applications based on DL and deep neural networks will be presented as main case studies later in the book.