The field of neuroscience has always been attractive to engineers. Neurons and their connections, like tiny circuit elements, process and transmit information in a dramatic way that is intimately curious to researchers in the computer science and engineering fields. Of particular interest has been the recent push in applying microtechnology to the field of neuroscience. This review is meant to provide an overview of some of the subtle nuances of the nervous system and outline recent advances in lab on a chip applications in neurobiology. It also aims to highlight some of the challenges the field faces in the hopes of encouraging new engineering researchers to collaborate with neurobiologists to help advance our basic understanding of the nervous system and create novel applications based on neuroengineering principles.