(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The term dysbiosis has been used to describe disruptions of microbial communities that lead to a shift in steady-state composition that is distinct from that induced by infections. Recent work has suggested that, in addition to bacterial dysbiosis, fungal dysbiosis might contribute to the pathology of several immune-mediated conditions of non-infectious origin.Fungal dysbiosis is observed in human diseases affecting different barrier surfaces, including the mouth, vagina, skin, lungs and gut.The mucosal immune system can respond to changes in fungal communities; several antifungal immunity pathways such as C-type lectin receptors, and the IL-1β and inflammasome pathways, might have a role in sensing these fluctuations.The interaction between fungi and the host immune system has mainly been studied in the context of infection. However, fungal communities reside on the barrier surfaces of various mammals and are dynamic and responsive to environmental and pathophysiological changes.The mammalian gut is a unique site in which fungal infections are rare but fungal dysbiosis occurs frequently.Dysbiosis probably affects all communities of the microbiota, including bacterial and fungal species.