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Super-cooled Water

Authors: LEONARD HAWKES;

Super-cooled Water

Abstract

IN a recent letter to NATURE (Feb. 16, p. 244) I directed attention to Beilby's observation that water drops become hard when chilled to -12°C., and to the fact that water is quite fluid at -9.3° (White and Twining, Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 50, pp. 380-389; 1913). That an important change in properties takes place between these temperatures is indicated by the difficulty all experimenters have had in cooling water below -10°. It may be that here the steady expansion which water undergoes below 4° ceases, and that with further lowering of temperature the contraction obtains which was predicted by Bridgman (Proc. Am. Acad., 47, p. 543; 1911–12). Water has been cooled in capillary tubes to -18.5° (T. Borovik-Romanova, rev. in Chem. Abs. Am. chem. Soc., 19, p. 3186; 1925), and as fine drops suspended in oil to -20° (M. L. Dufour, Arch. Sci. Geneva, 10, p. 350; 1861), but no information is given as to the physical state at these temperatures.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Average
Top 10%
Average
bronze