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Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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Research.fi
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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Ion Energization and Acceleration Associated With Foreshock Bubbles: Results From a Hybrid‐Vlasov Simulation and MMS Observations

Authors: Souhail Dahani; Lucile Turc; Veera Lipsanen; Shi Tao; Jonas Suni; Yann Pfau‐Kempf; Milla Kalliokoski; +4 Authors

Ion Energization and Acceleration Associated With Foreshock Bubbles: Results From a Hybrid‐Vlasov Simulation and MMS Observations

Abstract

Abstract Foreshock Bubbles (FBs) are large‐scale transient structures found in Earth's foreshock region and are associated with foreshock‐discontinuity interaction. FBs play a significant role in accelerating and energizing plasma through various mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the contribution of FBs to ion acceleration and energization by analyzing the key energy terms found in the equations that describe the temporal evolution of the kinetic and internal energy densities, namely, the pressure gradient term, the electromagnetic term and the pressure‐strain term. To carry out this study, we employ the global hybrid‐Vlasov simulation Vlasiator and compare our results with in situ observations from the Magnetospheric MultiScale mission. We find that FBs exhibit distinct signatures in the energy terms throughout their life cycles, from formation to decay as they interact with the bow shock. We show that the evolution of FBs involves complex energy conversions between electromagnetic, kinetic, and thermal energies. Notably, the energy term magnitudes increase during the initial phase of the FB, reach a peak, and subsequently decline as the FB dissipates, in agreement with previous studies. We find also strong energy conversion at the interface between the FB core and compressed edge due to the presence of a current sheet highlighting the complex contributions of the FB in accelerating and energizing ions.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average