AbstractTurbulence, self-gravity, and cooling convert most of the interstellar medium into cloudy structures that form stars. Turbulence compresses the gas into clouds directly and it moves pre-existing clouds around passively when there are multiple phases of temperature. Self-gravity also partitions the gas into clouds, forming giant regular complexes in spiral arms and in resonance rings and contributing to the scale-free motions generated by turbulence. Dense clusters form in the most strongly self-gravitating cores of these clouds, often triggered by compression from local stars. Pre-star formation processes inside clusters are not well observed, but the high formation rates and high densities of pre-stellar objects, and their power law mass functions suggest that turbulence, self-gravity, and energy dissipation are involved there too.