A linear open quantum system consisting of a harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to an infinite set of independent harmonic oscillators is considered; these oscillators have a general spectral density function and are initially in a Gaussian state. Using the influence functional formalism a formal Langevin equation can be introduced to describe the system's fully quantum properties even beyond the semiclassical regime. It is shown that the reduced Wigner function for the system is exactly the formal distribution function resulting from averaging both over the initial conditions and the stochastic source of the formal Langevin equation. The master equation for the reduced density matrix is then obtained in the same way a Fokker-Planck equation can always be derived from a Langevin equation characterizing a stochastic process. We also show that a subclass of quantum correlation functions for the system can be deduced within the stochastic description provided by the Langevin equation. It is emphasized that when the system is not Markovian more information can be extracted from the Langevin equation than from the master equation.

16 pages, RevTeX, 1 figure (uses epsf.sty). Shortened version. Partially rewritten to emphasize those aspects which are new. Some references added