Few doctors routinely examine the epitrochlear glands as part of their physical examination of a patient. No palpable epitrochlear nodes were detected in 140 healthy subjects, but palpable epitrochlear nodes were present in 27% of 184 patients with diseases in which lymphadenopathy occurs. Whilst epitrochlear nodes are commonly enlarged in specific acute, subacute, and chronic infections, they are not enlarged in the mild, transient, non-specific febrile illnesses with cervical lymphadenopathy of children and young adults. Enlarged epitrochlear glands provide a useful discriminatory sign in the diagnosis of glandular fever. Enlargement of these nodes is common in most of the lymphoproliferative disorders except Hodgkin's disease. In rheumatoid arthritis their palpability indicates activity of hand joints. The examination of epitrochlear nodes should form part of the routine physical assessment of any ill patient.