Abstract Genital tract neoplasms account for approximately 10% of female cancers and are the fourth cause of death after lung, breast and colon malignancies. Cancer prevention, early diagnosis, adequate management, with an eventually tailored treatment can improve both survival and quality of life in patients affected by gynecologic cancers. We will focus attention on the main aspects of epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the major gynecological neoplasms: ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancer. An overview of current treatment regimens and their evolution is provided, with particular emphasis on the interdependence of surgery and chemotherapy in the optimal management of these diseases. Attention is also focused on novel biomarkers, new preventive anticancer vaccinations and new molecular targeted treatments with a view to future developments.