Cytoreductive surgery represents a therapeutic attempt to improve patient outcomes by reducing overall tumor burden to render postsurgical therapy effective or at least increase its effectiveness. The intent of cytoreduction differs from palliative or curative-intent surgery for oligometastatic melanoma. Both palliative surgery and attempted curative resection have important roles to play in the management of patients with melanoma that has spread beyond the regional nodes or recurred "in transit" between the primary and the regional nodal basin. To date, however, no evidence shows that cytoreductive surgery offers any meaningful benefit to patients with metastatic melanoma, and, outside of a clinical trial, there is no role for cytoreductive surgery in melanoma. To date, adjuvant vaccine therapy after complete resection of metastatic melanoma has not proved to be efficacious in clinical trials, so there is little reason to believe that the use of currently available immunotherapy strategies will be enhanced after incomplete tumor resections.