Non-specific effects of vaccines: Current evidence and potential implications
Copyright policy )Non-specific effects of vaccines: Current evidence and potential implications
Besides protection against specific microorganisms, vaccines can induce heterologous or non-specific effects (NSE). Epidemiological data suggest that vaccination with live-attenuated vaccines such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), measles vaccine, and oral polio vaccine results in increased overall childhood survival, and several of these observations have been confirmed in randomized trials. Immunological mechanisms mediating NSE include heterologous lymphocyte effects and induction of innate immune memory (trained immunity). Trained immunity induces long-term functional upregulation of innate immune cells through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. An overview of the epidemiological evidence of non-specific effects of vaccines and the latest insights regarding the biological mechanisms behind this phenomenon is presented, and future research priorities and potential implications are discussed.
- Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Netherlands
- University of Southern Denmark Denmark
- University of Bonn Germany
- Statens Serum Institut Denmark
Measles Vaccine, Trained immunity, Immunity, Heterologous, Non-specific effects, Epigenesis, Genetic, Sex Factors, Humans, Internal Medicine - Radboud University Medical Center, Lymphocytes, Mortality, Child, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Radboudumc 4: lnfectious Diseases and Global Health RIMLS: Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Vaccines, Heterologous protection, Macrophages, Vaccination, Cellular Reprogramming, Immunity, Innate, Poliovirus Vaccines, BCG Vaccine, Morbidity, Radboudumc 4: lnfectious Diseases and Global Health RIHS: Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Immunologic Memory
Measles Vaccine, Trained immunity, Immunity, Heterologous, Non-specific effects, Epigenesis, Genetic, Sex Factors, Humans, Internal Medicine - Radboud University Medical Center, Lymphocytes, Mortality, Child, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Radboudumc 4: lnfectious Diseases and Global Health RIMLS: Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Vaccines, Heterologous protection, Macrophages, Vaccination, Cellular Reprogramming, Immunity, Innate, Poliovirus Vaccines, BCG Vaccine, Morbidity, Radboudumc 4: lnfectious Diseases and Global Health RIHS: Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Immunologic Memory
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