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Revista Colombiana de Cardiología
Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC ND
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Efectos biológicos de las radiaciones ionizantes

Authors: J. Anselmo Puerta-Ortiz; Javier Morales-Aramburo;

Efectos biológicos de las radiaciones ionizantes

Abstract

Resumen: Los seres vivos han interactuado desde el inicio de su evolución con las radiaciones ionizantes, las no ionizantes y los agentes químicos provenientes de fuentes naturales. Estas interacciones vienen incrementándose con la aparición de las fuentes artificiales que están siendo usadas en diferentes áreas de la actividad humana: industria, medicina, investigación y hogares. La importancia de conocer cuáles son los efectos biológicos producidos por estos agentes y si ellos son benéficos o no para la salud humana constituye en la actualidad una necesidad primordial. En términos generales con relación a cualquier tipo de radiación, al interactuar con las moléculas, estas ceden parte de su energía. El tipo de radiación y su energía pueden ser suficientes para extraer un electrón, proceso llamado ionización, o excitar un átomo constituyente pasando un electrón a un estado energético superior, o si la energía no es suficiente para transformar su configuración electrónica, puede aumentar la velocidad de translación, rotación o vibración de las moléculas. Como consecuencia, las moléculas constituyentes del material biológico pueden sufrir alteraciones que dan origen a diferentes lesiones. Así, se denominan radiolesiones aquellas que son producidas por las radiaciones ionizantes, y fotolesiones las que son producidas por radiaciones no ionizantes. Entre las lesiones inducidas por diferentes agentes físicos y químicos está la mutagénesis. Son considerados agentes mutagénicos las radiaciones ionizantes y el ultravioleta, como agentes físicos, y los alquilantes, los intercalantes y los productores de radicales libres, como agentes químicos.En esta revisión se resumen los principales efectos producidos por las radiaciones ionizantes en el ámbito celular y se describe la inactivación celular a través de curvas de sobrevivencia. Posteriormente se hace una descripción de los principales efectos deterministas producidos por las radiaciones ionizantes, efectos que son generados a altas dosis y que, por tanto, son bien conocidos. Finalmente, se discuten los efectos probabilísticos, que son la base fundamental de la protección radiológica. Abstract: Since the beginning of time, humans have interacted with ionising, non-ionising radiations, as well as chemical agents from natural sources. These interactions have been increasing with the appearance of the artificial sources that are being used in the different areas of human activity: industry, medicine, research, and in homes. The importance of knowing about the biological effects produced by these agents, and whether or not they are beneficial for humans is essential these days. In general terms, as regards any type of radiation, these transfer part of their energy. The types of radiation and their energy can be sufficient to extract an electron; a process called ionisation, or excite a constituent atom an electron passing to a higher energy state. If this energy is not sufficient to transform its electron configuration, it can increase the speed of travel, rotation, or vibration of the molecules. As a result, the constituent molecules of the biological material can undergo changes that give rise to different lesions. Thus, those lesions produced by ionising radiation are called radiation lesions, and those that are produced by non-ionising radiation are called photo-lesion. Mutagenesis is one of the lesions induced by different physical and chemical agents. Ionising and ultraviolet radiation are considered as mutagenic agents, as physical agents, and the alkylating, intercalating agents, and free radical producers, as chemical agents.In this review, a summary is presented on the main effects produced by ionising radiation as regards the cell, and cell inactivation is described using survival curves. Later, a description is provided on the deterministic effects produced by ionising radiation. These are generated at high doses, and thus are well-known. Finally, the probabilistic effects, which are the fundamental basis of radiation protection, are discussed. Palabras clave: Radiación ionizante, Efectos de la radiación, Protección radiológica, Keywords: Ionising radiation, Effects of radiation, Radiation protection

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Keywords

RC666-701, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system

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    popularity
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    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
7
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold