
In this short note, we consider the phases of gravity coupled to a $U(1)$ gauge field and charged scalar in 2+1 dimensions without a cosmological constant, but with box boundary conditions. This is an extension of the results in arXiv:1609.01208, but unlike in higher dimensions, here the physics has sharp differences from the corresponding AdS problem. This is because Einstein-Maxwell black holes cease to exist when the cosmological constant goes to zero. We show that hairy black holes also do not exist in the flat 2+1 dimensional box under some assumptions, but hairy boson stars do. There is a second order phase transition from the empty box to the boson star phase at a charge density larger than some critical value. We find various new features in the phase diagram which were absent in 3+1 dimensions. Our explicit calculations assume radial symmetry, but we also note that the absence of black holes is more general. It is a trivial consequence of a 2+1 dimensional version of Hawking's horizon topology argument from 3+1 dimensions, and relies on the Dominant Energy Condition, which is violated when (eg.) there is a negative cosmological constant.
v2: minor improvements
Analogues of general relativity in lower dimensions, High Energy Physics - Theory, Black holes, Critical phenomena in equilibrium statistical mechanics, FOS: Physical sciences, QC770-798, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Phase transitions (general) in equilibrium statistical mechanics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Yang-Mills and other gauge theories in mechanics of particles and systems, Galactic and stellar structure, Interacting particle systems in time-dependent statistical mechanics
Analogues of general relativity in lower dimensions, High Energy Physics - Theory, Black holes, Critical phenomena in equilibrium statistical mechanics, FOS: Physical sciences, QC770-798, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Phase transitions (general) in equilibrium statistical mechanics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Yang-Mills and other gauge theories in mechanics of particles and systems, Galactic and stellar structure, Interacting particle systems in time-dependent statistical mechanics
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