Several growth factors and cytokines recruit the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling pathway to control cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Nonetheless, the importance of this transcription factor for brain functions is still poorly understood. Because some STAT5-inducing hormones, such as prolactin and leptin, act in the brain to regulate the expression of motivated behaviors, this signaling pathway is likely involved in behavioral modulation. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to summarize and discuss the available data regarding the possible role of central STAT5 signaling in the regulation of brain functions, especially on behavioral control. We discussed studies that investigated the importance of STAT5 signaling in the regulation of maternal and feeding behaviors. Additionally, we highlighted other behaviors that could be potentially affected by STAT5 signaling. This knowledge may help to understand how motivated behaviors are regulated at the cellular level.