Abstract Ages and chemical and isotopic compositions of the Permian mafic dyke swarms from Kelamayi, eastern Tianshan and western Tianshan in western part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), NW China, are reported here in order to gain more insights into the Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province (Tarim LIP). These CAOB mafic (-andesitic) dyke swarms from Kelamayi, eastern Tianshan and western Tianshan were emplaced at 267 ± 3 Ma, 278 ± 2 Ma and 260–290 Ma, respectively, and are coeval with the radiating mafic dyke swarm in the Tarim Block. The dykes in CAOB exhibit subalkalic character in major element compositions, and are enriched in LILE and LREE and depleted in HFSE and HREE, with the exception of a few LREE-depleted samples from western Tianshan. Isotopically, dykes from Kelamayi and western Tianshan are characterized by significant positive e Nd (t) values (3.1 to 7.9 for Kelamayi; 7.2 to 7.3 for western Tianshan), while dykes form eastern Tianshan exhibit variable negative e Nd (t) values (− 0.7 to − 3.3). Their geochemical features suggest that the mafic (-andesitic) dykes in CAOB were derived from a recently metasomatized lithospheric mantle source (sub-continental lithosphere mantle) with subsequent variable extents of assimilation of the crustal materials in a non-orogenic setting. In contrast, the mafic dykes in Tarim exhibit systematic chemical signatures similar to those of OIB, indicating that they were derived from a depleted sub-lithospheric mantle source. We thus propose that the Permian Tarim LIP has two different mantle domains for the coeval mafic rocks, i . e ., the Tarim domain and the CAOB domain.