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International Journal of Refrigeration
Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
License: Elsevier TDM
Data sources: Crossref
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The hunt for nonflammable refrigerant blends to replace R-134a

Authors: Ian H. Bell; Piotr A. Domanski; Mark O. McLinden; Gregory T. Linteris;

The hunt for nonflammable refrigerant blends to replace R-134a

Abstract

We investigated refrigerant blends as possible low GWP (global warming potential) alternatives for R-134a in an air-conditioning application. We carried out an extensive screening of the binary, ternary, and four-component blends possible among a list of 13 pure refrigerants comprising four hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), eight hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and carbon dioxide. The screening was based on a simplified cycle model, but with the inclusion of pressure drops in the evaporator and condenser. The metrics for the evaluation were nonflammability, low GWP, high COP (coefficient of performance), and a volumetric capacity similar to the R-134a baseline system. While no mixture was ideal in all regards, we identified 16 binary and ternary blends that were nonflammable (based on a new estimation method) and with COP and capacity similar to the R-134a baseline; the tradeoff, however, was a reduction in GWP of, at most, 54% compared to R-134a. An additional seven blends that were estimated to be "marginally flammable" (ASHRAE Standard 34 classification of A2L) were identified with GWP reductions of as much as 99%. These 23 "best" blends were then simulated in a more detailed cycle model.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
119
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 1%
bronze