AbstractThe majority of the 17 million women globally that are estimated to be infected with HIV live in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Worldwide, HIV‐related causes contributed to 19 000–56 000 maternal deaths in 2011 (6%–20% of maternal deaths). HIV‐infected pregnant women have two to 10 times the risk of dying during pregnancy and the postpartum period compared with uninfected pregnant women. Many of these deaths can be prevented with the implementation of high‐quality obstetric care, prevention and treatment of common co‐infections, and treatment of HIV with ART. The paper summarizes what is known about HIV disease progression in pregnancy, specific causes of HIV‐related maternal deaths, and the potential impact of treatment with antiretroviral therapy on maternal mortality. Recommendations are proposed for improving maternal health and decreasing maternal mortality among HIV‐infected women based on existing evidence.