Ferulic acid: Pharmacological and toxicological aspects
Copyright policy )Ferulic acid: Pharmacological and toxicological aspects
Ferulic acid (FA) belongs to the family of phenolic acids and is very abundant in fruits and vegetables. Over the past years, several studies have shown that FA acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and enhancing the cell stress response through the up-regulation of cytoprotective systems, e.g. heme oxygenase-1, heat shock protein 70, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and the proto-oncogene Akt. Furthermore, FA was shown to inhibit the expression and/or activity of cytotoxic enzymes, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, caspases and cyclooxygenase-2. Based on this evidence, FA has been proposed as a potential treatment for many disorders including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and skin disease. However, despite the great abundance of preclinical research, only a few studies were carried out in humans, the majority of which used foods containing FA, and therefore the clinical efficacy of this mode of administration needs to be further documented. New efforts and resources are needed in clinical research for the complete evaluation of FA therapeutic potential in chronic diseases.
- Catholic University of America United States
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Italy
Aging, C(max), LD, interleukin-1β, heat shock protein, Free radicals, Proto-Oncogene Mas, CYP, HO, centrosomal protein 2, Neoplasms, FAEE, Hsp, biliverdin reductase, reactive oxygen species, GFAP, catalase, CAT, ROS, transforming growth factor-β, CCNA2, heme oxygenase, superoxide dismutase, Heme oxygenase, iNOS, h, IL-1β, Cardiovascular Diseases, glial fibrillary acidic protein, eNOS, bilirubin, Biliverdin reductase, CEP2, thiazolidinedione(s), Alzheimer’s disease, PPB, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, TGF-β, FA, SMC1L1, THD, Coumaric Acids, CCNB1, RAB GTPase activating protein 1, Skin Diseases, sodium ferulate, structural maintenance of chromosomes 1-like 1, time to reach the C(max), extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, gene encoding for cyclin-A2, peak plasma concentration, Alzheimer Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, BV, hour(s), Humans, SF, ODC1, SOD, BR, gene encoding for G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1, gene encoding for ornithine decarboxylase, lethal dose, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, plasma protein binding, inducible nitric oxide synthase, Ferulic acid, cytochrome P-450, biliverdin, amyloid-β-peptide, ferulic acid ethyl ester, BVR, ERK 1/2, Neurodegenerative disorders, T(max), RABGAP1, UGT, ferulic acid
Aging, C(max), LD, interleukin-1β, heat shock protein, Free radicals, Proto-Oncogene Mas, CYP, HO, centrosomal protein 2, Neoplasms, FAEE, Hsp, biliverdin reductase, reactive oxygen species, GFAP, catalase, CAT, ROS, transforming growth factor-β, CCNA2, heme oxygenase, superoxide dismutase, Heme oxygenase, iNOS, h, IL-1β, Cardiovascular Diseases, glial fibrillary acidic protein, eNOS, bilirubin, Biliverdin reductase, CEP2, thiazolidinedione(s), Alzheimer’s disease, PPB, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, TGF-β, FA, SMC1L1, THD, Coumaric Acids, CCNB1, RAB GTPase activating protein 1, Skin Diseases, sodium ferulate, structural maintenance of chromosomes 1-like 1, time to reach the C(max), extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, gene encoding for cyclin-A2, peak plasma concentration, Alzheimer Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, BV, hour(s), Humans, SF, ODC1, SOD, BR, gene encoding for G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1, gene encoding for ornithine decarboxylase, lethal dose, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, plasma protein binding, inducible nitric oxide synthase, Ferulic acid, cytochrome P-450, biliverdin, amyloid-β-peptide, ferulic acid ethyl ester, BVR, ERK 1/2, Neurodegenerative disorders, T(max), RABGAP1, UGT, ferulic acid
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