Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus that causes a variety of conditions including common warts, condyloma acuminata (anogenital warts), and multiple malignancies involving the squamous epithelium. HPV is a unique oncogenic infectious agent that causes cervical cancer, the second most common cancer in women worldwide. In addition to cervical cancer, HPV is responsible for a large proportion of penile cancer, vaginal/vulvar cancer, anal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer. The disease burden is significant with HPV-associated cancers totaling 35,000 new diagnoses in 2009, 3% of all US cancer diagnoses. In addition, approximately 350,000 new cases of anogenital warts (AGWs) were associated with HPV infection. The use of HPV vaccine targeting oncogenic HPV types along with patient education and counseling are important strategies in prevention of this potentially oncogenic infectious disease.