Abstract A methodological approach to gradient structures in concrete technology is outlined in this paper. It is introduced by summarizing the approach to bulk structures, because of major similarities, and combined use in practice. The 3D structure assessment is specified for volume fraction, VV, specific surface area, SV, and total lineal extension per unit of volume, LV. Such descriptive parameters refer to the content and specific surface area of grains and pores, to the extent of damage, and to lineal density of reinforcing fibres. Elaborated examples are presented dealing with the same material features.