This article's title is also the name of a workshop sponsored by the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research that was focused on an appraisal of the potential role of neuroplastic processes in the etiology or course of schizophrenia. The workshop brought together clinical investigators of schizophrenia and basic scientists who study various aspects of neuroplasticity, including central nervous system (CNS) development, learning and memory, and drug action. The goal was to identify special opportunities to advance knowledge and understanding of schizophrenia pathology, treatment, or prevention by applying neuroplasticity concepts as a framework to theories of the illness. Although the focus of this workshop was schizophrenia, the phenomena considered are pertinent to other disorders, such as depression and drug abuse.