
TGF-beta (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) cytokines employ Smad proteins as the intracellular mediator of signaling. Upon TGF-beta stimulation, the cytoplasmic Smads become phosphorylated and consequently accumulate in the nucleus to regulate target gene expression. The cytoplasm-to-nucleus redistribution of Smads, as well as the ability of Smads to activate or repress gene transcription, is under multiple layers of regulation by factors not limited to TGF-beta. With recent advance in the knowledge of regulatory factors impinged on Smads, we are beginning to understand the complexity in cellular responses to TGF-beta.
Cell Nucleus, Life Sciences, Biological Transport, Smad Proteins, Biological, Models, Biological, Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated, Models, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Medicine and Health Sciences, Animals, Humans, Receptor-Regulated, Phosphorylation, Smad4 Protein
Cell Nucleus, Life Sciences, Biological Transport, Smad Proteins, Biological, Models, Biological, Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated, Models, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Medicine and Health Sciences, Animals, Humans, Receptor-Regulated, Phosphorylation, Smad4 Protein
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