Two cultural traditions that coexisted in the Kama region during the Early Neolithic, one termed Kama, the other, Volga-Kama, differ mainly in terms of ceramics. The former tradition is marked by the comb decoration, the latter by pricked designs. Analyses of dwellings, pottery, lithics, and chronology suggest that the two traditions are unrelated in origin. Overlapping distribution areas, similar forms of dwellings and artifacts indicate contemporaneity and a common economic specialization.